IB Program Fundamentals
Key details are below. For full information, please move past the infographics.
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Students
The Four Programmes
Primary Years
Ages 3-12. Fosters curiosity and a love of learning in young students.
Middle Years
Ages 11-16. Connects classroom learning to real-world applications.
Diploma
Ages 16-19. A rigorous pre-university curriculum respected globally.
Career-related
Ages 16-19. Blends academic study with practical, career-focused skills.
Core Philosophy
Inquiry-Based Learning
Encourages students to ask questions, explore, and take ownership of their education.
Global Context
Develops compassionate, internationally-minded citizens who respect diverse cultures.
The IB Advantage
Key Benefits of the International Baccalaureate Programme
Academic Rigor
A challenging, balanced curriculum fosters versatile learners and prevents overspecialization.
Skill Development
Cultivates essential university skills like critical thinking, research, writing, and time management.
University Preparedness
Strong preparation for university demands, leading to better admission and graduation outcomes.
Global Recognition
The IB Diploma is widely respected by universities internationally, facilitating global mobility.
Holistic Approach
Focuses on developing the whole student through the Learner Profile and core components (TOK, EE, CAS).
International Mindedness
Promotes global perspectives, intercultural understanding, and often requires second language study.
University Credit
Many universities grant credit or advanced standing for strong IB exam scores.
Scholarship Opportunities
IB students often qualify for special scholarships from universities around the world.
Personal Achievement
Earning the IB Diploma is a significant accomplishment that boosts confidence and resilience.
IB Programme: The Challenges
A look at the potential difficulties and limitations.
Demanding Workload
The academic rigor requires significant effort, dedication, and excellent time management.
High Costs
Program implementation and exam fees can create financial and accessibility barriers for students.
Equity & Access
The availability of IB programs can be limited by cost and the divide between public and private schools.
Complex Implementation
Requires substantial resources, professional development, and support for schools and teachers to succeed.
"All or Nothing" Diploma
Failing to meet any single condition, even with high scores elsewhere, means the full diploma is not awarded.
Implementation is Key
Benefits are not guaranteed and depend heavily on the quality of local implementation, resources, and teacher training.
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Table of Contents
A. IB Program Fundamentals
(With the focus on DP)
What is the IB program?
The International Baccalaureate (IB) operates as a non-profit organization and delivers four exceptional international education programs (PYP, MYP, DP, CP) for students aged 3-19. The program strives to cultivate young people who are curious, well-informed and compassionate so they can create a better world through their understanding and respect for different cultures.
- Primary Years Programme (PYP): Ages 3–12
- Middle Years Programme (MYP): Ages 11–16
- Diploma Programme (DP): Ages 16–19
- Career-related Programme (CP): Ages 16–19
The “continuum” concept represents a conscious effort to create pedagogical alignment throughout programs to enable students to experience seamless progression. Every program rests on fundamental pedagogical principles which incorporate inquiry-based learning together with conceptual understanding development in local and global contexts, effective teamwork abilities and differentiation techniques to address various student needs. The primary target is to develop students who possess comprehensive abilities and self-direction combined with resilience and are prepared for future challenges.
Schools must complete a strict authorization process which confirms their ability to maintain quality and consistency in IB programs before they can earn an IB World School (IBWS) status. The process confirms whether a school is committed and capable of delivering the program in line with IB guidelines.
Benefits
- – Develops well-rounded individuals possessing strong academic, social, and emotional characteristics.
- – If implemented correctly, it fosters critical thinking, inquiry skills, and a disposition towards lifelong learning.
- – Promotes international-mindedness and intercultural understanding.
- – IB qualifications are internationally recognized and respected by universities globally.
- – IB programs also tend to motivate teachers and students through shared values.
Challenges/Limitations
- – The academic rigor inherent in IB programs can be demanding for students, requiring significant effort and time management.
- – Costs associated with program implementation for schools and assessment fees for students can present accessibility barriers.
- – Concerns regarding equity and access to IB programs, particularly in relation to cost and availability in public versus private sectors.
- – Implementation can be complex and demanding for schools and teachers, requiring substantial resources and professional development.
- – Integrating IB programs with national curricula can be challenging.
- – Evidence of IB’s direct impact on fostering global peace is qualitative and hard to measure.
- – All or Nothing Approach: In order to receive the full diploma, all requirements must be met, including a minimum number of points and certain conditions, so a student could do well but fail one condition and not receive the diploma
The quality of the International Baccalaureate program is not only dependent on its design but on the quality of its implementation, the teacher’s training, and the resources of the school and districts. While the IB has a well-defined framework with many potential benefits, its effectiveness is heavily contingent on local conditions affecting the quality of its implementation. I have been to many schools that teachers had less access to IB resources than Hack Your Course tutors and a concerted effort by the district or teachers to find new resources was lacking.
Therefore, schools and districts interested in or already implementing the IB should know that it is not enough to adopt the curriculum, but also to provide the necessary resources, training, and support structures to ensure quality implementation. The evidence indicates that if not implemented properly, many of the claimed benefits of the IB program may not be realized, underscoring the importance of contextualized evaluation rather than blanket claims about the program’s effectiveness.
Regional/Policy Variations
- IB programs are designed with flexibility to accommodate national or local curriculum requirements.
- Government recognition, integration into national education systems, and funding policies (such as subsidies for exam fees) vary considerably.
- In Canada and the USA, IB programs are offered in both public and private schools. Public schools may integrate IB without tuition, whereas private IB schools charge tuition.
- In Daegu, South Korea, the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education is implementing IB programs in public schools, including a Dual Language (English & Korean) Diploma Programme, to foster global talent and bridge educational gaps.
- In Shanghai, China, despite rapid growth, IB education faces increasing restrictions due to policies emphasizing educational sovereignty and cultural identity, though stakeholders view it as a “necessity.”
- In Australia, the IB DP is sometimes used by socially dominant families to consolidate academic capital, potentially contributing to social inequality, with growth concentrated in relatively homogenous schools.
- In Ecuador, an initiative to introduce IB into low-income public schools faced challenges due to contextual constraints, inhibiting student engagement despite promises of social mobility.
- In Hong Kong and Singapore, the institutionalization of IB is largely market-driven in Hong Kong and government-controlled at a symbolic level in Singapore.
What is the IB Diploma Programme (DP)?
DP Curriculum Structure
The DP curriculum requires students to take six subjects with selections from each of the following groups: (1) Studies in Language and Literature, (2) Language Acquisition, (3) Individuals and Societies, (4) Sciences, (5) Mathematics, and (6) The Arts. Students have the option to replace their Arts subject from Group 6 with an additional subject from groups 1 to 4 to meet the six-course requirement.
DP Curriculum Structure
The DP curriculum requires students to take six subjects with selections from each of the following groups: (1) Studies in Language and Literature, (2) Language Acquisition, (3) Individuals and Societies, (4) Sciences, (5) Mathematics, and (6) The Arts. Students have the option to replace their Arts subject from Group 6 with an additional subject from groups 1 to 4 to meet the six-course requirement.
DP Core
- Theory of Knowledge (TOK): A course about the nature of knowledge and how we know what we claim to know. It is assessed via an exhibition and a 1,600-word essay.
- Extended Essay (EE): A 4,000-word independent research paper. Students investigate a focused topic of personal interest related to one (or two, for interdisciplinary) of their DP subjects, guided by a supervisor.
- Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS): A program of extracurricular projects in the arts (Creativity), physical activity (Activity), and community service (Service). CAS is tracked but not formally graded with points.
Higher Level vs Standard Level
Students must enroll in at least three but no more than four Higher Level (HL) subjects while the rest are taken at Standard Level (SL). Students face the same assessment standards across both levels but higher-level courses demand greater effort because they include expanded material. The final diploma score for each subject includes a maximum of 7 points contribution from both HL and SL subjects.
DP Assessment and Exams
The assessment of DP courses involves both internal assessments that teachers grade and external moderation along with final external exams. The grade scale for each subject ranges from 1 to 7. Students need to finish all IB Diploma components including CAS to earn the diploma while obtaining at least 24 points out of 45 and meeting certain criteria such as avoiding a Grade 1 in any subject and satisfactorily completing TOK, EE and CAS. The maximum score is 45 points: Students can earn a total of 42 points from six subjects with each subject worth seven points along with up to three additional points from core subjects including TOK and EE. The average global score for students in 2023 stood at approximately 30 points while less than 1% of students reached the maximum score of 45 points. For details of IB DP assessment please visit our page here.
University Recognition
The DP is explicitly designed as a pre-university qualification. Leading universities worldwide recognize or give credit for IB diplomas. Many appreciate DP students’ breadth of knowledge (six subjects) and the research and writing skills fostered by TOK and the EE:
- The DP is widely recognized by universities globally, often leading to enhanced admission prospects and sometimes college credit or advanced standing.
- It demonstrably develops skills crucial for university success, including critical thinking, independent research, academic writing, and time management.
- The curriculum ensures a balanced education across multiple disciplines.
- It fosters international-mindedness and cultivates students who flourish physically, intellectually, emotionally, and ethically.
- Research indicates that DP students often enroll in, persist through, and graduate from university at higher rates than national averages or comparable peer groups.
Challenges/Limitations
- – The program demands intense academic effort and requires significant time dedication, which can lead to student stress if not managed effectively.
- – Implementation requires extensive school resources and ongoing mandatory teacher training.
- – The emphasis on examinations in DP level can narrow the curriculum’s scope during actual teaching practice.
- – Final IB grades may differ from predicted grades, adding uncertainty for students and schools.
Regional/Policy Variations
- Different countries and institutions have varying policies for the recognition of DP graduates, with differences in admission advantages and credit allocation.
- Financial support for exam fees is available in some regions but not offered in others.
- Canadian DP graduates achieve better GPAs at university while experiencing lower dropout rates than their non-IB counterparts. Canadian institutions typically sanction Diploma Programme credits and offer scholarships. For example, the University of British Columbia awards up to 30 credits for IB Diploma scores, and both UBC and U of T actively recruit IB Diploma holders.
- The DP curriculum is available in more than 900 American high schools, either alongside AP courses or as a substitute. Research shows 82% of DP graduates pursue higher education immediately after graduation (vs. 66% of all students) and enjoy higher retention and graduation rates. Many U.S. universities grant college credit, and state systems like Florida and Texas promise significant credit awards or automatic sophomore standing.
- In Japan, the IB offers an alternative pathway to local universities, enabling students to bypass certain traditional entrance exams.
Regional/Policy Variations
- Different countries and institutions have varying policies for the recognition of DP graduates, with differences in admission advantages and credit allocation.
- Financial support for exam fees is available in some regions but not offered in others.
- Canadian DP graduates achieve better GPAs at university while experiencing lower dropout rates than their non-IB counterparts. Canadian institutions typically sanction Diploma Programme credits and offer scholarships. For example, the University of British Columbia awards up to 30 credits for IB Diploma scores, and both UBC and U of T actively recruit IB Diploma holders.
- The DP curriculum is available in more than 900 American high schools, either alongside AP courses or as a substitute. Research shows 82% of DP graduates pursue higher education immediately after graduation (vs. 66% of all students) and enjoy higher retention and graduation rates. Many U.S. universities grant college credit, and state systems like Florida and Texas promise significant credit awards or automatic sophomore standing.
- In Japan, the IB offers an alternative pathway to local universities, enabling students to bypass certain traditional entrance exams.
Benefits of the IB Diploma Programme
- Academic Rigor and University Preparation: IB programs deliver outstanding comprehensive knowledge along with profound academic understanding. Research findings demonstrate that DP students show greater university enrollment rates and higher graduation rates than both national averages and comparable demographic groups. University-preferred skills such as critical thinking, research abilities, academic writing proficiency and time management capabilities are central to the program’s objectives. It also prevents early overspecialization and fosters versatile learners
- Holistic Development: The IB approach focuses on developing students in all aspects of their being to ensure their physical, intellectual, emotional, and ethical growth. The IB Learner Profile attributes represent this concept.
- Global Perspective: International-mindedness development along with intercultural understanding and respect remains a fundamental objective. Engaging with global contexts alongside studying at least two languages in the DP furthers this outcome.
- Agency and Lifelong Learning: IB programs teach students to control their educational progress while developing necessary lifelong learning skills and attitudes.
- Research and Writing Skills: As a distinctive element of the curriculum the Extended Essay guides students through the process of developing research questions and performing research for writing an academic paper.
- Personal Growth: CAS provides students with opportunities for artistic expression and physical and community service activities which promote balance and compassion while helping them to develop leadership qualities.
- Competitive Edge in Admissions: The demanding nature of the IB program helps its students differentiate themselves to universities who see them as capable of managing intensive academic work.
- Lifelong Skills: IB education focuses on independent learning and self-organization which develops reflective thinking and results in effective time management skills and study routines.
Benefits for Schools
- World recognition for educational excellence and quality.
- Networking and sharing with the worldwide community of IB World Schools.
- A consistent framework with room for schools to tailor the IB Diploma to meet local needs and meet national requirements.
- The ability to promote and strengthen the school and attract interested students.
Benefits for Teachers
- Educators gain access to IB-recognized professional development workshops and resources.
- They become part of a global network of colleagues, fostering collaboration and shared learning.
- The IB framework empowers teachers as “architects of learning excellence.”
- Improved curriculum literacy and increased professionalism, autonomy, and responsibility.
Benefits for Universities
- IB program graduates enter university ready to handle academic challenges because they have developed advanced critical thinking and research capabilities.
- Universities that accept IB credentials draw in students who show motivation and global awareness while adding diversity to their campus population.
- IB credentials provide trustworthy measurements of academic promise.
Regional Variations
- The primary tangible benefits of the International Baccalaureate in Canada and the US manifest through college credit and scholarship opportunities. Numerous universities throughout North America implement active recruitment strategies that offer benefits to IB students.
- UK students gain more from the IB program through improved admission competitiveness and preparation because advanced standing is not widely offered in UK educational systems. Research from 2021 shows that students with IB Diplomas in the UK have higher chances of getting into top 20 universities and earning honors degrees compared to their A-Level peers.
- The IB program provides a significant advantage to students targeting international universities because its global recognition creates smoother admissions equivalency processes.
- The IB program functions as a model for public education reform and talent development in Daegu South Korea. The IB program serves as a pathway for global mobility while also allowing students to avoid local examinations in certain situations.
Is the IB program worth it?
The value of the IB program requires balancing its major advantages such as rigorous academics, skill development, and university recognition with its demanding workload and financial and stress-related challenges. The value varies according to each student’s objectives and learning habits and their access to resources.
Deep-dive Explanation: Determining if the IB program is valuable necessitates a detailed cost-benefit analysis which relies heavily on each student’s unique situation and goals along with the school and regional context. The value proposition of the program differs from case to case and thus cannot be generalized.
Arguments For or Factors Increasing its Value
- Academic/Career Payoff: IB students gain access to prestigious universities because admissions officers acknowledge IB’s challenging curriculum. Students who take IB exams can offset their tuition costs by gaining university credits specially in the US and Canada.
- Scholarships: Students who graduate with an IB Diploma have the opportunity to receive specialized scholarships such as automatic awards offered by some universities for DP graduates.
- Skills and Personal Growth: IB education proves worthwhile through developing students’ independence and critical thinking skills as well as global awareness and resilience which are essential for future academic and professional success.
- International Opportunities: IB stands out as highly valuable for students planning to attend international universities or pursue international careers since it provides credentials that are recognized worldwide.
Arguments Against or Factors Reducing its Value
- Difficulty and workload: The IB Diploma Programme is known for its rigorous academic standards and heavy workload, which has been reported to demand 15–30 hours of homework per week. This requires excellent time management and dedication.
- Limited Flexibility: Compared to programs such as Advanced Placement (AP) where students can choose individual courses, the IB Diploma requires a more comprehensive, prescribed curriculum across six subject groups. This may not appeal to students who want to specialize in one or two subjects.
- Student Fit: The inquiry-based, research-heavy nature may not fit with every student’s preferred learning style. Success often requires intrinsic motivation, independence, and resilience.
Actionable Advice
- Ask IB teachers, current students, and school counselors what is expected of students at your school. Go to open houses of the school. All private schools have open houses and you will get the feeling of that seriousness in an IB school!
- Honest assessment of your time management and stress tolerance is important before committing.
- Find out what credit policies exist at specific universities if college credit is your primary incentive.
- Consider taking a partial IB (take IB courses for certificates only) if the full diploma is too much, but you still want some IB credit. Be careful though since admission officers will require an explanation about why you have not chosen full IB DP.
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Frequently Asked Questions
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About Our Tutoring Service
As a tutoring service that focuses exclusively on the IB and AP curricula, we are dedicated to providing unparalleled expertise. Our tutors are IB-trained subject specialists, certified teachers, or former IB students from top universities. We provide our educators with comprehensive resources and maintain a highly selective tutor acceptance rate of less than 2% to ensure the highest quality. Many of our tutors hold advanced degrees, such as a Ph.D. in Chemistry from MIT or a Master's in Data Science. As one client noted, the quality of our tutors is "on the same level as her IB School Teachers."
The first step involves a complimentary consultation call to understand your academic targets and obstacles and preferred learning approach. The system connects students with tutors who match their requirements within a 24-hour timeframe. We create a personalized learning plan that follows your school's schedule and matches the official IB assessment schedule.
We maintain open communication with all parties involved. The team provides complete feedback reports to parents following every educational session. The program delivers complete monthly feedback reports which show student progress through detailed assessments of their strengths and weaknesses and recommended changes to their learning strategy.
The delivery of more than 50,000 hours of IB tutoring has been accomplished by our team. The students who work with us achieve an average improvement of 2 grades. The students who received our assistance
About the IB Program
The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme requires students to complete both Higher Level (HL) and Standard Level (SL) subjects, which determine their academic workload, instructional time, and subject depth. The two-year program requires 240 teaching hours for HL subjects but only 150 teaching hours for SL subjects because of their 90-hour difference, which affects both complexity and content depth. The HL subject curriculum includes specialized content that extends beyond core material from the core syllabus and requires students to complete more challenging assessments. Students taking HL courses must show evidence of advanced knowledge and skills, critical thinking abilities, and analytical reasoning that match undergraduate academic standards. The academic program of SL subjects focuses on providing students with a wide range of knowledge through essential subject content while maintaining a broad but less detailed understanding of the material.
The assessment frameworks of HL subjects, along with their strategic value for university admission, demonstrate their challenging nature. The external assessments for HL subjects consist of longer exams with multiple papers and different question types that require students to apply their knowledge through synthesis. The HL internal assessment (IA) requires students to perform complex methodologies and analyses that approach the level of extended essays. The assessment format for SL subjects includes brief exams and IAs that evaluate students' grasp of fundamental concepts. Students need to select their HL subjects carefully because numerous universities require students to take specific HL subjects for admission (for example, engineering programs strongly prefer HL Mathematics). The extensive curriculum of HL subjects enables students to earn university credit or advanced placement through high scores (5 or above), which SL subjects typically do not offer.
The International Baccalaureate (IB) program delivers an education system which diverges from standard educational methods by creating an international learning environment that combines inquiry-based learning with holistic development. Traditional schools base their education on teacher-led instruction which delivers standardized content through memorization-based learning for test success. IB schools implement student-led inquiry-based learning which motivates students to investigate concepts independently while developing their critical thinking abilities. IB students take an active role in their educational path by engaging with information as participants rather than recipients which helps them build conceptual knowledge and problem-solving skills and connect different subjects.
The IB defines itself through its Core Programme which traditional education systems lack. The Theory of Knowledge (TOK), Extended Essay (EE), and Creativity Activity Service (CAS) form the core of the IB program, which requires all students to participate. The Theory of Knowledge (TOK) course requires students to analyze methods of knowledge construction, while the Extended Essay (EE) helps students develop research and writing skills through an independent 4,000-word project. The CAS program enables students to develop their whole person through service work and physical and creative activities that extend beyond academic learning.
The IB program stands out through its holistic assessment system and challenging academic standards and worldwide educational approach. Traditional educational institutions base their assessment system on multiple exams which evaluate students through standardized testing and knowledge memorization. The IB assessment system uses a complete approach which includes Internal Assessment (IA, coursework, extended essay and external tests that evaluate students' ability to apply knowledge and think critically and analyze information instead of focusing on memorization or end results. The IB program requires students to spend extensive time on their studies because it demands 150–240 hours of work per subject and research and service commitments. The IB education bases its curriculum on international-mindedness which requires students to study different cultural viewpoints and global matters and develop skills for worldwide participation. In return the IB certification creates an advantage in university admissions while teaching them independent learning skills that universities value. Most of my SSAT students who have visited IB schools have defined the atomosphere of it being "more like university than a school."
The primary distinction between IB Mathematics and AP Calculus lies in their differing educational approaches, which emphasize broad learning versus in-depth specialization. The Analysis & Approaches (AA) pathway of IB Mathematics spans two years with 240 hours for HL or 150 hours for SL, and it encompasses five major domains, including algebra and functions, geometry/trigonometry, statistics/probability, and calculus, which account for only 55 hours or one-fifth of the total AA HL curriculum. The one-year AP Calculus AB and BC courses deliver single-variable calculus education exclusively, while BC extends to two college semesters with advanced topics that surpass the pure calculus content found in IB Math AA HL. The assessment methods between IB and AP differ because IB uses multiple exam papers, including a non-calculator Paper 1 requirement for AA students, and a 20% Internal Assessment that demands independent research and formal writing . In contrast, AP uses a single 3-hour 15-minute exam with multiple-choice and free-response sections. The Applications & Interpretation (AI) pathway of IB Mathematics stands apart from AP Calculus because it teaches students to solve real-world problems using statistical models and technology-based methods, while also introducing graph theory and matrix algebra, which AP Calculus does not cover. Credit and placement differ by university. In the U.S., many institutions award two semesters of calculus credit for AP Calculus BC with score a of 5. A high score in IB Mathematics AA HL (typically a 6–7) can also provide calculus credit or advanced placement at certain universities, but criteria and results vary by campus. In contrast, IB SL math generally does not yield credit at highly selective U.S. programs (although some colleges may accept strong SL/HL scores to fulfill a Calculus I prerequisite without granting units). Always consult each university's latest AP/IB credit chart and departmental placement guidelines.
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The six advanced high school math courses present different levels of difficulty which depend on instructional time and assessment methods and cognitive requirements so students need to choose based on their individual strengths between theoretical or fast-paced learning. The International Baccalaureate Math AA HL stands out as the most challenging course because it demands students to master abstract proofs while covering five domains and performing well on non-calculator assessments. The course demands 240 hours of study while creating substantial academic pressure because more than 90% of students experience severe math anxiety from complex multi-step problems and their extensive Internal Assessment (IA). The IB Math AI SL stands out as the most accessible course because it teaches practical statistics and modeling over 150 hours which benefits students who do not pursue STEM fields and produces lower academic pressure.
The main difference between IB and AP courses stems from their distinct organizational approaches since IB emphasizes deep conceptual learning and handling unknown problems through holistic methods which creates higher anxiety levels while AP focuses on teaching students to master specific techniques through controlled exam formats. The main obstacle in AP Calculus BC stems from its fast-paced curriculum which condenses two semesters into 300 equivalent hours yet its 44% top score rate in 2025 demonstrates the success of students who excel at procedural efficiency. The middle-tier courses present students with trade-offs because IB Math AI HL becomes more challenging with its advanced applications yet Paper 3 inquiry stands as the most difficult part according to reports while IB Math AA SL lacks sufficient depth by rushing through its 150-hour curriculum which creates frustration for students who want mastery. The procedural nature of AP courses suits problem-solvers who work quickly but theoretical explorers find the abstract requirements of IB (especially AA HL) more fulfilling. The determination of which course is more challenging depends on the particular courses under evaluation and the nature of obstacles students face because no single course stands as the absolute most difficult but Math AA HL and AP Calculus BC present different levels of difficulty to different students.
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Our tutoring services include both online and in-person instruction but we strongly encourage students to choose online sessions. The search for elite specialized IB tutors proves difficult so online tutoring provides students with access to their ideal educator from any location. The online session format at our center works best for all students from North America. The service of in-person tutoring requires a $10 to $15 per hour additional fee to cover tutor travel expenses.
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This article was written by Masoud. He has been teaching and tutoring for more than 15 years and has a bachelor of education along side two masters of engineering. He is the current manager of Hack Your Course AP and IB Education
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